ENZYME PREPARATIONS

OOO Ferment produces a wide range of enzyme preparations for all livestock and poultry breeding industries based on scientific developments and test results. Its product range includes:

• Multi-enzyme preparations for the breakdown of non-starch polysaccharides, increased feed digestibility and productivity of farm animals and poultry. Trademarks FEKORD, FITAZIM.
• DIATOKS antidiarrhoeal enzyme feed additive for increasing resistance to diarrhoeal syndromes of non-contagious aetiology.

Addition of FEKORD multi-enzyme compositions and FITAZIM enzyme additive into mixed feed and premixes

• Solves a number of problems in feeding of cattle, swine, poultry, small cattle, fur animals, fish
• Increases the efficiency of livestock and poultry breeding.

The secret of a good diet

When developing animal diets, it is mandatory to take the "golden rule" into account – the higher the concentration of nutrients in a unit of dry matter within the diet, the greater the productivity of the animal. The majority of livestock experts endeavour to maximize the energy content of the feed mix, but they fail to achieve expected productivity, since the influence of anti-nutritional factors is not taken into account.

It is common knowledge that many nutrients in feeds are in hard-to-digest form. Moreover, young animals are born with an underdeveloped enzymatic component of the digestive system, and adult animals digest 60-70% of the nutrients of the feed in a best-case scenario.

The main factor restraining the improvement of nutritive value of feeds is non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) and phytates, which possess anti-nutritional properties.

Monogastric animals (swine and poultry) can not destroy intercellular walls of grain components due to the lack of required enzymes in their bodies. Non-starch polysaccharides render cells "impenetrable" for digestive enzymes, impair the digestibility of feed nutrients and efficiency of their absorption in the small intestine. In this regard, the availability of easily hydrolysed nutrients, contained inside the cells of starch and other carbohydrates, proteins and fats remains low.

In the organism of ruminants, enzymes synthesized by the microflora hydrolyse non-starch polysaccharides. However, under certain conditions (diet change, high animal productivity, poor feed quality), the amount of enzymes formed in the body may not be sufficient, which leads to a productivity loss. The digestive tract of farm animals and poultry contain inherent, so-called endogenous enzymes, which enable the ingestion of feed components. The endogenous enzymes produced by the animal's body would be sufficient if it were not for the increased requirements to the growth rate and feed ingestion coefficient in industrial agricultural production. Moreover, the gastrointestinal tract of monogastric farm animals and poultry does not have any inherent digestive enzymes capable of digesting cellulose, beta-glucans and pentosanes.

On the one hand, high-fibre feed is the cheapest, and with the increase in its use, the overall cost of feed is reduced. On the other hand, excess filling of the intestine with ballast substances reduces the digestibility and availability of nutrients, which reduces feed intake and inhibits growth intensity. The issue with the breakdown of non-starch polysaccharides can be solved by using exogenous enzymes. Enzyme preparations enhance the availability of nutrients, improve energy utilization, increase the availability of proteins, reduce the costs of feed for growth of live weight and, thus, significantly increase the overall profitability of production.

The issue of low efficiency of utilization of mixed feed can be solved through the application of highly effective exogenous enzymes. The application of enzymes in the manufacture of mixed feed for farm animals and poultry has long been a standard in the mixed feed industry.

The reduction of feed price due to the utilization of local raw materials and enzyme preparations is of great practical interest. Examples of practical application of enzymes witness that uncovering of genetic potential of farm animals and poultry based on domestic feed is impossible without the use of enzyme preparations.

The enzymes break down the substrate, acting according to the "key-and-lock" principle, facilitate the transformation of certain substances (substrates) into others (reaction products).

The following types of enzymes are used to increase the digestibility of feed, and while each of them fulfil their own function, they also enhance the effect of other enzymes:

The physicochemical properties of enzyme preparations are determined by basic enzymes in their composition:

• cellulase,
• xylanase,
• β-glucanase,
• glucoamylase,
• α-amylase,
• phytase,
• protease,
• α-mannase,
• lipase.

Fekord is a balanced multienzyme complex. It is used in the production of mixed feed and forage mixtures with increased content of NPSs. The mechanism of action of enzyme preparations is presented in the table below:

Enzymatic biocomplexes Fekord-2004, Fekord-2012, Fitazim-S, Fekord-Concentrate are optimally balanced unique compositions of ferment preparations of fungal and bacterial origin with a wide range of pH from 2.5 to 7.5. Fekord feed additives are used in the production of mixed feed and forage mixtures with high content of maize, rye, oats, triticale, barley, wheat, bran, sunflower and soybean meal and oilcakes. Enzyme biocomplexes are characterized by thermostability: in the process of granulation, they can withstand temperatures up to 95°C, are compatible with all feed ingredients, medicines and other feed additives.

The quality of enzyme biocomplexes is not inferior to many foreign analogues, and they even exceed them in terms of unique composition, which allows them to work equally well in diets based on wheat (rich in xylans) or barley (rich in glucans) or similar feed components rich in non-starch polysaccharides (NPSs).
Enzyme biocomplexes are produced in more than 20 variations, which enables the selection of optimal solution for our customers, taking into account equipment capabilities and the technology for mixed feed production, and also depending on forage base available at the farm.

The use of FEKORD enzymatic biocomplexes allows to increase the rate of grains in feed, expand the list of used raw materials, increase the rates of utilization of local cheaper raw materials.

DIATOKS antidiarrhoeal enzyme feed additive

DIATOKS is used in feed rations of farm animals and poultry to increase their resistance to diarrhoeal syndromes of non-contagious aetiology. DIATOKS prevents and reduces the negative consequences of gastrointestinal diseases. The biological activity of the additive is based on the stimulation of growth of lactobacilli and control of growth of salmonella, pat.proteus, colibacillus.

Causes of gastrointestinal diseases:

1. Increased acid-binding capacity of feed due to the use of feeds rich in calcium and protein (feed of milk and animal origin, oil cake, meal, forage, phosphate defluorinated, etc.) leads to:
   - inhibition of pepsin activation, and, as a result, incomplete digestion of the protein contained in the feed. Non-digested protein breakdown products are used by the proteolytic, pathogenic microflora of the thick intestine, thus increasing the formation of toxins;
   - formation of the optimal pH level of the medium for the growth of microbiota including Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Yersinia spp., etc. These bacteria cause severe toxic infections and inflammations of the digestive tract.
2. Anti-nutrient feed substances (non-starch polysaccharides, enzyme inhibitors, phytates) reduce the digestibility of feed, increase water absorption, reduce absorption of nutrients, which also stimulates the growth of microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract.
3. Any deviation from the established feeding technology (multiplicity of feeding, etc.) or water supply system contributes to an increased consumption of feed, which is slowly impregnated with acids, which leads to the growth of salmonella, proteus and other microorganisms. Viral infections (transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs, rotaviral diarrhoea in pigs) destroy the intestinal glands that produce digestive enzymes, and indirectly cause diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

The mechanism of action of DIATOKS feed additive:

DIATOKS is an enzyme feed additive, whose main active ingredient is glucose dehydrogenase. Glucose dehydrogenase breaks down hexose and forms gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. H₂O₂ and gluconic acid have a detrimental effect on pathogenic microbes and fungi in the gastrointestinal tract and stimulate the growth of lactobacilli, thus facilitating the formation of volatile fatty acids, which account for 70% of the energy source for epithelial cells. Gluconic acid, which reacts with desoxynivalenol, neutralizes its activity.

Simultaneously, an increase in thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine), T4 (thyroxine) and growth hormone somatotropin (GH) is observed, which bears a witness of the stimulating properties of DIATOKS.

Beneficial effects of DIATOKS additive

DIATOKS ensures:

• Oxidation of the aldehyde group of glucohexoses in feeds with the formation of gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide;
• Improvement of digestibility and absorption of nutrients contained in the feed;
• Enhanced resistance to diarrhoeal syndrome of non-contagious aetiology;
• Increased productivity, natural resistance and survivability of livestock.